State restrictions and gender-based violence in cross-border marriages: The case of Kyrgyz women in Türkiye

This paper focuses on Kyrgyz women in cross-border marriages under Turkiye's increasingly tight legal requirements for marriage migration. Although the main intention of the policy change was to prevent marriages contracted to gain residency permits in Turkiye, strict regulations can have an adverse effect on migrant women's position. Based on in-depth interviews with 24 key informants including Kyrgyz women, public employees, lawyers and staff of the Kyrgyz Consulate, this paper argues that legal and social difficulties weaken women's position in cross-border marriages and render them vulnerable to male violence. Under the strict control, migrant women embrace traditional gendered roles such as becoming religious and a "good housewife," having children as well as limiting their social relationships. Moreover, women do not seek official support against any male violence especially during the time of obligatory marriage period of three years to be able to apply for a citizenship.